Financial Inclusion, Electronic Payment Methods and Tax Evasion: Economic Analysis and Application in Argentina
In contexts of high informality and increasing digitization, businessmen question themselves: is it worth incorporate collections by electronic payment methods to increase sales? How much more would you have to sell to cover transaction costs? How much would the tax costs increase for reporting the...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Online |
| Language: | spa |
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Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
2022
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| Online Access: | https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/cenes/article/view/13053 |
| _version_ | 1801705967378759680 |
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| author | Pedroni, Florencia Verónica Pesce, Gabriela Briozzo, Anahí |
| author_facet | Pedroni, Florencia Verónica Pesce, Gabriela Briozzo, Anahí |
| author_sort | Pedroni, Florencia Verónica |
| collection | OJS |
| description | In contexts of high informality and increasing digitization, businessmen question themselves: is it worth incorporate collections by electronic payment methods to increase sales? How much more would you have to sell to cover transaction costs? How much would the tax costs increase for reporting the additional income generated? In response to such questions, this work aims to describe and compare the payment methods costs and tax costs associated with sales collected through different channels (cash, banking methods and virtual wallets), sensitizing these results in the face of digitization scenarios (increased in revenue by electronic sales) or informality situations (income underreporting). Methodologically, a simulated case study is developed (food microenterprise from Bahía Blanca) in which costs and net results of eleven payment methods are estimated for the two tax regimes in force in Argentina: VAT registered taxpayer and simplified taxpayer. According to the results, in relative terms, the VAT registered taxpayer faces lower transaction costs and higher tax costs, compared to simplified taxpayer. Underreporting of 30% of cash income cuts tax costs by weight of sales in half for both types of taxpayers, although the incentives to evade tax are higher for VAT registered taxpayers and for simplified taxpayers with sales close to the inflection point between the tax regimes. The findings reveal that the main limitation to implement electronic payments in small firms is associated with informality and not with transaction costs, demonstrating that the phenomena of financial inclusion and tax evasion must be addressed jointly. |
| format | Online |
| id | oai:oai.revistas.uptc.edu.co:article-13053 |
| institution | Revista Apuntes del Cenes |
| language | spa |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia |
| record_format | ojs |
| spelling | oai:oai.revistas.uptc.edu.co:article-130532023-08-24T02:38:15Z Financial Inclusion, Electronic Payment Methods and Tax Evasion: Economic Analysis and Application in Argentina Inclusión financiera, medios de pago electrónicos y evasión tributaria: análisis económico y aplicación en Argentina Pedroni, Florencia Verónica Pesce, Gabriela Briozzo, Anahí taxation informal sector small enterprises electronic commerce income underreporting transaction costs electronic wallets tributación sector informal pequeña empresa comercio electrónico subfacturación costos de transacción billeteras electrónicas In contexts of high informality and increasing digitization, businessmen question themselves: is it worth incorporate collections by electronic payment methods to increase sales? How much more would you have to sell to cover transaction costs? How much would the tax costs increase for reporting the additional income generated? In response to such questions, this work aims to describe and compare the payment methods costs and tax costs associated with sales collected through different channels (cash, banking methods and virtual wallets), sensitizing these results in the face of digitization scenarios (increased in revenue by electronic sales) or informality situations (income underreporting). Methodologically, a simulated case study is developed (food microenterprise from Bahía Blanca) in which costs and net results of eleven payment methods are estimated for the two tax regimes in force in Argentina: VAT registered taxpayer and simplified taxpayer. According to the results, in relative terms, the VAT registered taxpayer faces lower transaction costs and higher tax costs, compared to simplified taxpayer. Underreporting of 30% of cash income cuts tax costs by weight of sales in half for both types of taxpayers, although the incentives to evade tax are higher for VAT registered taxpayers and for simplified taxpayers with sales close to the inflection point between the tax regimes. The findings reveal that the main limitation to implement electronic payments in small firms is associated with informality and not with transaction costs, demonstrating that the phenomena of financial inclusion and tax evasion must be addressed jointly. En contextos de elevada informalidad y creciente digitalización, los empresarios se cuestionan: ¿conviene incorporar cobros electrónicos para aumentar las ventas? ¿cuánto más tendría que vender para cubrir los costos de transacción? ¿en cuánto aumentarían los costos impositivos por declarar los ingresos adicionales generados? En respuesta a tales interrogantes, este trabajo tiene por objetivo describir y comparar los costos de medios de pago e impositivos asociados a ventas cobradas con diferentes modalidades (efectivo, medios bancarios y billeteras virtuales), sensibilizando estos resultados ante escenarios de digitalización (incremento de actividad por ventas electrónicas) o informalidad (subdeclaración de ingresos). Metodológicamente es un estudio de caso simulado (microempresa alimenticia de Bahía Blanca) en el que se estiman los costos y resultados netos de once medios de pago para los dos regímenes tributarios vigentes en la Argentina: general (Responsable Inscripto [RI]) y simplificado (monotributo [MT]). Según los resultados, en términos relativos, el RI afronta menores costos de transacción y mayores costos tributarios, respecto al MT. La subdeclaración del 30 % de los ingresos en efectivo reduce a la mitad los costos impositivos por peso de ventas para ambos tipos de contribuyentes, aunque los incentivos para evadir son mayores para el RI y para el MT con ventas cercanas al punto de inflexión entre los regímenes. Los hallazgos revelan que la principal limitación a la adopción de pagos electrónicos en firmas pequeñas se asocia a la informalidad y no a los costos de transacción, lo que demuestra que los fenómenos de inclusión financiera y evasión tributaria deben abordarse conjuntamente. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia 2022-02-22 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer reviewed Article text Texto application/pdf text/xml https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/cenes/article/view/13053 10.19053/01203053.v41.n73.2022.13053 Apuntes del Cenes; Vol. 41 No. 73 (2022); 171-202 Apuntes del Cenes; Vol. 41 Núm. 73 (2022); 171-202 2256-5779 0120-3053 spa https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/cenes/article/view/13053/11462 https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/cenes/article/view/13053/13380 Copyright (c) 2022 Florencia Verónica Pedroni, Gabriela Pesce, Anahí Briozzo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | taxation informal sector small enterprises electronic commerce income underreporting transaction costs electronic wallets tributación sector informal pequeña empresa comercio electrónico subfacturación costos de transacción billeteras electrónicas Pedroni, Florencia Verónica Pesce, Gabriela Briozzo, Anahí Financial Inclusion, Electronic Payment Methods and Tax Evasion: Economic Analysis and Application in Argentina |
| title | Financial Inclusion, Electronic Payment Methods and Tax Evasion: Economic Analysis and Application in Argentina |
| title_alt | Inclusión financiera, medios de pago electrónicos y evasión tributaria: análisis económico y aplicación en Argentina |
| title_full | Financial Inclusion, Electronic Payment Methods and Tax Evasion: Economic Analysis and Application in Argentina |
| title_fullStr | Financial Inclusion, Electronic Payment Methods and Tax Evasion: Economic Analysis and Application in Argentina |
| title_full_unstemmed | Financial Inclusion, Electronic Payment Methods and Tax Evasion: Economic Analysis and Application in Argentina |
| title_short | Financial Inclusion, Electronic Payment Methods and Tax Evasion: Economic Analysis and Application in Argentina |
| title_sort | financial inclusion electronic payment methods and tax evasion economic analysis and application in argentina |
| topic | taxation informal sector small enterprises electronic commerce income underreporting transaction costs electronic wallets tributación sector informal pequeña empresa comercio electrónico subfacturación costos de transacción billeteras electrónicas |
| topic_facet | taxation informal sector small enterprises electronic commerce income underreporting transaction costs electronic wallets tributación sector informal pequeña empresa comercio electrónico subfacturación costos de transacción billeteras electrónicas |
| url | https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/cenes/article/view/13053 |
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