Editorial by Balaguera Lopez, Helber Enrique

“…I publicly express my gratitude to the publishing entities, the Colombian Society of Horticultural Sciences (SCCH) and the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), the editorial team, our authors, reviewers, and readers. …”

Historical precedents of armed conflict in Colombia and Afghanistan by Díaz Sanabria, Catherine

“…In Colombia the guerrilla and paramilitary groups, in order to make concrete their ideals, support a constant struggle with the Colombian State, generating crisis at the social, po litical and economical level, being the drug-dealer the main sponsor of the war behind masks that generate jobs through money laundering.…”

UNIVERSITY, SOCIETY, PRESS AND POLITICS RELATIONSHIP IN THE STUDENT MOVEMENTS OF THE 40s IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CARTAGENA by Piñeres De La Ossa, Dora

“…Left-wingers started to arise in Colombian universities and the conservative opposition became more dominant. …”

Monopolization and transnationalization of capital by Colmenares, Julio Silva, Pardo, Carolina Padilla

“…To end, it is presented a snappy “x ray” of the “precocious” appearance of monopolies in a peripheral and backward economy, as the Colombian, and the relative weight of the big financial groups in the late decades of the 20th century and early of 21st century.…”

Capital gain, real wages and labor efficiency in the manufacturing sector in Colombia by Méndez-Sayago, Jhon Alexander

“…This paper aims to find empirical evidence on the positive relationship that is woven between wages and labor productivity for the Colombian manufacturing industry. This relationship is based onthe theory of nutritional status of Leibstein (1957) as well as the conjecture of the relationship between wages and the value of the labor force of Marx (1946). …”

Analysis of the evolution of foreign direct investment in the coal mining sector in Colombia from 2002 to 2013 by Plazas Díaz, Fabián Alfredo

“…This article studies the evolution of foreign direct investment (FDI) in themining and quarrying sector and the extraction of coal, lignite and peat inColombia in the period 2004-2013 using statistics from the central bank ofColombia (Banco de la República) and from the Colombian Mining InformationSystem. An outlook of the coal mining industry in Colombia andthe evolution of IED are presented for the described period. …”

Trend in Coffee Production and Consumption in Colombia by Ocampo Lopez, Olga Lucía, Alvarez-Herrera, Lina Maria

“…Identifying trends in coffee production was the object of this study that analyzed coffee statistics at global and national level considering reports of the International Coffee Organization (ICO), the Agricultural Information System, and Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia (the latter is the association of Colombian coffee growers).  Factors related to climate variability, increasing of production price, shortages of workforce and volatility of coffee prices, affected the coffee industry and could be structural causes of declining production trends found in some producing countries as well as some departments that traditionally are coffee growers in Colombia.…”

Kaolin's characterization and potential in the Boycá department by Manosalva-Sánchez, Sandra Rocío, Naranjo-Merchán, Wilson Enario

“…In the Colombian oriental mountain range, central region, there is a mining potential for the extraction of white clays, its majority of sedimentary origin, and the deposits are of lacustrine and co-alluvial type. …”

Remittances and regional economic growth in Colombia 2009 - 2016: a panel data application by Chamorro-García, Andrés Fernando, Hernandez Garcia, Edwin Arbey

“…Are used the data of international remittance income from the Banco de la República and the Gross Domestic Product of the Colombian regions published by the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), from which econometric equations are estimated using the estimator of fixed effects corrected by autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity for panel data. …”

Reflections on student-centered learning: An alternative to traditional English classes by Fonseca Cely, Sulma Patricia, Cano García, Leidy Girleza

“…This article presents some methodological reflections about student-centered learning in order to achieve the Colombian National Standards for Bilingual Education in English classes in an elementary school context. …”

From the Traditional to the Diverse: Creative Research as a Path to Investigate Literature, Notes Based on Experience by Chávez Cervantes, Ángela María

“…For this purpose, we trace the discussion and conceptual steps taken by different universites and knowledge va - lidation institutions in Colombia to define and legitimize creative research in the Colombian academic context. The practice of creative writing is the result of a research process…”

The Effects of Linguistic Imperialism in the EFL Classroom by Romero Pinto, Mary Addison

“…Namely EFL teachers should focus on intercultural communication and competence, instead of fostering the spreading of English as the global language.Keywords: Linguistic Imperialism, EFL classroom: teaching and learning, and Colombian bilingualism program.…”

Developing Speaking Skills Through Speaking - Guided Workshops by Dueñas Macías, Fredy Alonso, Cardozo Becerra, Denis Xiomara, Peña Ibarra, Carlos Manuel

“…This project was carried out with a group of fourth graders in a Colombian public school in Tunja, Boyacá. A field diary, video recordings, interviews and workshops were used to gather information in this action research study. …”

Análisis de los ciclos del producto interno bruto agropecuario colombiano 1976-2013 by Chaves Castro, Alvaro Hernando

Revisión del estado del arte geológico y geomorfológico del departamento de Boyacá, dentro del marco del proyecto de “Investigación aplicada a la modelación del territorio a parti... by Otálora Herrán, María Camila

Aportes de la Educación Musical en el Ámbito Emocional. Estado de la Cuestión en Colombia. by Gutiérrez, Adriana Marien, Suesca, Leyla Yolima, Cárdenas-Soler, Ruth Nayibe

“…This article discusses the results of a review of Colombian publications that highlight the psychological approach to music education in the country and the impact of musical education on the emotions of girls, boys, and adolescents. …”

OPENING NEW ACADEMIC AND SCIENTIFIC SPACES: THE FIRST FEMALE PROFESSORS AT UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA Y TECNOLÓGICA DE COLOMBIA by Hamòn Naranjo, Ana Hercilia

“…In the fifties, female educator is the big absent agent from the Colombian university, where the full teaching faculty was made by merely male educators. …”

Penalización de la dosis personal: “irrupción en el fuero interno de la persona by Carreño Blanco, Luz Elena, Páez Páez, María Angélica, Mariño Guío, Diana Catalina

“…After the enactment of Law 1453 of 2011 (Public Security Act), article 11, and the Legislative Act of 2009 that amends article 49 of Colombian Constitution, has emerged the question about if the “dose for personal use”, which is instituted in article 2 of Law 30 of 1986, must be penalized. …”

Eduardo Santos and the dead ends of the Liberal Republic by Vanegas Useche, Isidro

“…His vital itinerary helps to understand this age of Colombian history, beyond the unavoidable responsibilities of some political actors.…”

Is social inclusion of workforce in Colombia in counter of what sustainability means? by Contreras, Orlando Enrique, Pedraza Avella, Aura Cecilia, Herrera Gómez, Carolina

“…The situation suggests that the Colombian business community needs a systematic review of sustainability policies, particularly in relation to the type of employment it is providing, given that work is a highly influential aspect of individuals life…”