Territorial Public Finances in Colombia by Rodríguez Araújo, Edilberto ; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Vallejo Zamudio, Luis Eudoro ; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Cruz Vásquez, José Luis; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Medina Miranda, Rolando ; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Gil León, José Mauricio; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Casas Herrera, Julián Augusto ; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Mora Toscano, Oliver Marcel; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Cárdenas Salinas, José Miguel; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, González Borrero, Jorge Iván; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Barrios Ordóñez, Jesús Fernando; Universidad Javeriana, Bonilla González, Ricardo; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Romero Bolívar, Fabián Leonardo; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Delgado Ruiz, Siervo Tulio; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Castro Santiago, Doris; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Cárdenas Pinzón, Johanna Inés; Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia

“…Notwithstanding the State payments have increased, the fiscal effort of the territorial governments has not been less, which have increased their own resources and their concomitantefficiency, in the search to underpin local and regional development.The occurrence of an unexpected phenomenon, such as the pandemic unleashed by COVID-19 in March 2020, caused not only a health crisis to erupt, but also an economic and social crisis, which led to the implementation of strategies to avoid its spread and facilitate its containment and mitigation. …”

Editorial by Miranda, Diego

“…The last joint declaration of the highest authorities of the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (IMF, World Bank, WFP, and OECD) highlighted three issues of global importance, considered at risk the food security, role of agriculture in economic growth, and poverty reduction caused directly by factors such as COVID 19, changes in climatic conditions in productive areas, water availability, pests and conflicts between various countries that are affecting food production systems and access to them.…”

Inflation in Colombia by Vallejo Zamudio, Luis Eudoro

“…As it is known, inflation is the continuous and sustainedincrease of the general price level,which is one of the objectives of economic policyin any country. Hence, the monetary authority will always use the tools necessary to achieve the target set in the macroeconomic projections.…”

The strike, human rights and its effectiveness in the colombian legal order by Rozo Cabrera, Nandy Melissa

“…The strike, understood as a constitutional right in which a group of workers, unionized or not, carry out a collective cessation of work in order to pressure the employer to achieve an economic or professional improvement, has all the characteristics to be considered a universally recognized human right. …”

The dilemma of Tax Reform: ¿structural or fiscal? by Vallejo Zamudio, Luis Eudoro

“…The national government aims to raise $ 7.2 billion and thus compensate the reduction in the Nation’s income caused by factors such as the fall inoil prices, the reduction of economic growth, which - according to projections for 2016 of theBank of the Republic, can be around 2% -, and the elimination of temporary taxes from 2018.…”

Analysis of vegetative seed production alternatives of Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft in Tolima, Colombia by Atencio Solano, Liliana Margarita, Villamil Carvajal, Jorge Enrique, Garnica Montaña, Johanna Paola, Martínez Reina, Antonio María

“…Descriptive statistics and calculation of the economic return indicators were applied for the two situations. …”

Agroecological sustainability assessment of two production systems with an emphasis on vegetables in Venezuela by Silva-Laya, Silvia Josefina, Pérez-Martínez, Simón, Álvarez-Del-Castillo, Javier

“…A sociodemographic questionnaire was applied, and sixteen sustainability indicators were quantified for the dimensions: ecological (IE), economic (IK), and sociocultural (ISc), with previously published methodologies. …”

Diagnóstico de coccidiosis por Eimeria spp. en bovinos menores de un año, del municipio de Sotaquirá, Boyacá by Vargas Jerez, Eliana Liced

“…It brings with it great economic impacts due to the productive losses generated, both in asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, therefore, this parasitosis increases production costs, placing this infectious disease as one of the most important in bovine production. …”

Certificación sostenible , como un aporte de calidad en la prestación de servicios turísticos caso: “la trenza del Valle de Tenza ” by Luna Cabrera, Johana M.

“…This tourism is one of the activities that promote social, economic and environmental development that requires partnerships between the groups of involved agents, in order to give life to the principles of sustainability.…”

Estimation and analysis of expenditure and income of the floating population of undergraduate university student in the city of Tunja, Colombia by Triana, María Isabel Rojas

“…It is based on an application to the Engel curve, using the method of Working and Leser, taking data from a poll made on a sample of floating university students in the city of Tunja, whom were asked about some socio-economic variables, such as spending and income. The most important demand of floating students is given by spending on housing, which is seen from the value of the coefficients of the equation system proposed in the model.…”

Cambio poblacional y dinámica socioeconómica de los municipios de Boyacá by Casas Herrera, Julián Augusto, Gil León, José Mauricio, Forero Medina, María Hulima

La involución de la sostenibilidad en la américa latina. Dos elementos de ilustración: la agricultura y el servicio de la deuda by Simijaca, Juan Alonso Neira

“…International strategies to avoid suffering the biggest environmental disasters in the present and future generations are not the best. The current economic crisis and the evolution of economic system does not allow to improve the conditions of the world’s economies, especially the poorest, and therefore can not implement effective sustainable models. …”

Guidelines for Authors Version 2012 by Geográfica, Perspectiva

“…Perspectiva Geográfica is a magazine specializing in geographic studies and spatial planning, aimed at academic communities, research and territorial development issues interested in geography and related sciences, which publishes original and unpublished scientific and technological research, reflection and revie warticles, referring to the spatiality of social, economic, political, cultural and natural phenomena, from various perspectives and theoretical approaches. …”

Origin of Conservation Refugees The Downside of Environment Protection in India by Kurian, Anju Lis, Muñoz-Telles , John Maximino, Bernal-Gomez, Daniel Rigoberto, Vinodan, C

“…However, the conservation record is not inspiring in India and across the world, when its social, economic, and cultural impacts on local people are considered. …”

Distribution and Growth in Open Economies: A Post-kaleckian Explanation by Velázquez Orihuela, Daniel

“…In this paper the framework proposed by Velázquez (2022) is expanded to analyze the bidirectional relationship between the economic growth and the functional income distribution in open economies. …”

A FEW THEMES ABOUT EDUCATION IN THE LIBERAL SALVADORIAN PRESS (1870-1890); WOMEN AND WORKERS WITH A LAIC EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND by Herrera Mena, Sajid Alfredo

“…The civil emancipation of women through a new approach to education, the creation of night school for artisans or institutes to teach agriculture to peasants and election of secular education became key issues for political, social and economic development in the country. These analyses were collected from local newspapers published between 1870 and 1890: Diario Oficial, La Discusión, La República, La Unión and el Boletín municipal de Santa Ana.…”

The labor reform implemented during the second government of Alfonso López Pumarejo by Toscano, Óliver Mora

“…The most relevant elements of this reformwere the institutionalization and regulation of the labor movements thatcontribute in this way to the stability of the economic growth and the businessdevelopment claimed in this moment for the Colombian State, aswell as the recognition of a set of claims and rights to urban workers, thatmade of this reform the most advanced in Colombia in social terms duringthe 20th century.…”

The Inter-American System of Protection of Human Rights by Rodríguez-Rescia, Víctor

“…The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man of 1948, which provides the framework for the whole system, plays an important role for those Member States that have not ratified the American Convention, but also to the States that are parties of it, because it operates as customary law and is a source of a fundamental right, as even supplies legal loopholes as in the case of economic, social and cultural rights. Indeed, 1998 marked the fiftieth anniversary of this important regional instrument that, also for the proud of Americans, preceded by a few months to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.…”

Soil ecological restoration applying biochar (charcoal) and its effects on the Medicago sativa production by Fiallos-Ortega, Luis Rafael, Flores-Mancheno, Luis Gerardo, Duchi-Duchi, Nelson, Flores-Mancheno, Cesar Ivan, Baño-Ayala, Darío, Estrada-Orozco, Luis

“…In the second cut was achieved the best basal cover (86,55%) and aerial (95,42%) as well the largest production in green forage (15,92 t.ha'lcut), and in dry matter (33,70t.MS'lha'l year). The economical analysis registered the highest profitability with the 30 t.ha'“ of charcoal cost-benefit of$ 1,63.lt’s recommended to apply in Medicago sativa 30 t.ha" of charcoal, because with it a larger amount of green forage by cut was obtained and improved the soil quality, which will guarantee to obtain economic returns that benefit the agricultural and livestock producers.…”

Guidelines for Authors by Geográfica, Perspectiva

“…Guidelines for AuthorsVersion 2013Perspectiva Geográfica is a magazine specializing in geographic studies and spatial planning, aimed at academic communities, research and territorial development issues interested in geography and related sciences, which publishes original and unpublished scientific and technological research, reflection and revie warticles, referring to the spatiality of social, economic, political, cultural and natural phenomena, from various perspectives and theoretical approaches. …”