The Emergence of Political Opposition in Mexico, 1949-1952. Two Proposals for Electoral by Ayala López, José Fernando

“…Using methodological elements from political and institutional history, the present article analyzes, the first proposal for the implementation of an electoral system of proportional representation in Mexico and its primary repercussions in the formulation of subsequent electoral laws. This initiative was presented by Vicente Lombardo Toledano and the Popular Party (PP) in 1951, during the XLI Legislature (1949-1952). …”

Collective action to defend the rights of consumers and users by Benavides-Burbano, Lilia Fernanda, Murcia-González, Andrés

“…Highlighted general  characteristics of protection to users, aspects of the protection mechanisms that give effect to the right in question are described, through a comparative analysis between the two laws.…”

The political participation in the history by Ruiz Ruiz, Ramón

“…The political conception understood as descending, says that theoriginal power resides in God, who gives the laws to humanity through the kings.…”

Private banking, banking legislation and banking centralization between 1870 and 1923 in Colombia by Lesmes, Pedro José

“…With the arrival of the regenerating government, bankers will be forced into the laws imposed since centralization, the imposition of monetary policies and credit policies. …”

Consolidation of Brazilian public education in the state of Mato Grosso (1889-1908) by Vieira Campos Ferreira, Nilce, Montes Geles, Yesica Paola

“…Both official historical sources and messages from state presidents, laws or decrees related to public primary education, and public education reports from 1889 to 1908 were used for this study. …”

Suffragettes’ figure in the Bogota’s magazine El Gráfico during the decade 1910-1920 by Molina-Ibañez, Brayan Eduardo

“…Among the findings is that El Gráfico was a scene of speculation in Colombia from where aspects of the modernity of the nascent century XX moment in which were questioned changes are observed in terms of the economy, laws and social perspectives on women; it is concluded that the treatment given to the subject of suffragettes was presented as dangerous to national life, as a destabilizing scenario for the family.…”

The Normal School of Peçanha: installation, operation and organization at the beginning of the 20th century by Medeiros Carvalho, Cleonice, Talita Da Silva, Josana, Fernandes da Silva, José, Paulo Azevedo Oliveira, Davidson

“…Information strategy/data collection: direct sources were used, such as: congregation minutes, school inspection minutes, the regulations for the creation of the Normal School of Peçanha and other regulations, laws, decrees and resolutions of higher instances, as well as indirect sources, namely: historiographic studies of normal schools in Brazil and in the regional context. …”

Educational system contrasts between Ecuador and Colombia by Cuenca Cabrera, Estrella Maribel, Torres Gutiérrez, Maritza del Carmen, Torres Gutiérrez, Rosa Aurora, Moreno Pinzón, Israel Alfonso

“…This comparative education study is based on a bibliographic analysis of laws, curricula and guidelines, which allows us to study two countries with similar profiles in the educational, social and economic fields but different actions in the field of educational practice. …”

Planning on tourism: an important issue for the sustainable and regional development of Boyacá by Meneses, Tannia Álvarez

“…In this research work we can observe some failures in which tourism development has fallen, doing some special emphasis on the weak processes of planning and integrated management that really lead to a tourist sustainable development and for this reason it becomes necessary to issue clear actions through projects and clearly define programs that help to improve the quality of life of the local community, being also necessary to deepen in what these tourism planning processes really involve and must be framed under laws of sustainable development. This previous reflection lead us to show how the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia supports in a significant way the region and contributes to the qualification of the regional and local human resources starting from university vision and mission view and also from a relevant academic offer which is its Specialization in Planning of the Sustainable Tourism.…”

Efectos medioambientales en una contabilidad financiera dentro de una pyme, estudio de caso by Jiménez, Omar García, Contreras, Claudia Yazmin Medina

“…The objective of this work is to make a proposal to the owners of this SME incorporate the effects or benefits of environmental impacts within a financial accounting with environmental approach, to obtain a lawful lucrative purpose, but with a truly sustainable approach. …”

Fenómeno de transporte de una Kinesina como motor browniano con movimiento tipo Hand-Over-Hand. (A Kinesin Transport Phenomena as a Brownian Motor with Hand-Over-Han... by Avellaneda Bernal, D. R., Naranjo Mayorga, F.

“…Since the discovery of Brownian motion, there have been carried out some of the most arduous investigations of the physical processes, that can be interpreted under this phenomenon and under the thermodynamics laws. From the microscopic point of view, the random thermal motion dominates this world and makes thermal fluctuations give rise to Brownian motion and Brownian motors.…”

Soluciones discontinuas al problema de Cauchy de algunas EDP cuasilineales de primer orden by Gil Maldonado, Jhon Edwin, Caro Castillo, José Daniel

Emerging political identities: indigenous teachers as a collective subject in Mexico and Colombia (Colonies- 1990) by Rodríguez Ugalde, Diana Cecilia

“…A historical recount was carried out by means of the comparative-historical methodology, proposed by Bloch, based on academic documents, of both countries, such as theses; laws; decrees; and declarations. At the beginning of this period, it is widely evident the interest of both regions to achieve the national unity through a mestizo nation model, where the education -directed by the Church / State or by the State- was the strategy to nullify the cultural, political, and social identity of the native peoples. …”

Guatiní: A Project to promote the knowledge of the endemic birds of Cuba in the new generations by Sepúlveda-Peña, Juan Carlos, Vejo-Paula, Bislandry, Villanueva-Hedesa, Carlos, González-Guerra, Juan Ramón, González-Alfonso, Alieny, García-Lau, Ianela, Hernández-Horta, Gladis, Borrego, Manuel, Socorro, Gilberto, Amat-Álvarez, Alberto, González-Moreno, Maritza

“…Reversing this situation goes beyond the laws and actions of the competent authorities, an environmental education is necessary from an early age. …”

Mental health in the classroom: a perspective towards the chair of mental education in Colombian schools by Baquero Rozo, Johan Sebastian, Usma Reyes, Yuly Paola

“…Metal health continues to be the black sheep in the creation of laws and public policies, since the lack of implementation and regulations for the prevention of mental health diseases is evident; Due to this, Colombia has been characterized by making the educational system invisible within an articulation with the health system for the training of those individuals who are part of the learning environment.…”

The long march of European history by Gruzinski, Serge

“…However, in order to impose their laws, they had to learn about their customs and, therefore, the past of those they conquered. …”

TEACHING MEHTOD IN COLOMBIAN COUNTRY SIDE EDUCATORS 1946-1994 by Triana Ramìez, Alba Nidia

“…It brings four specific and fundamental topics: Country side educators during the second conservative regime, Reformation and structure of Teaching schools during the second half of 20th century, skill development and teaching improvement, lessons by credits and micro centers in country side areas.This is an Hermeneutical study, it has a methodollogical support in documents and sources for plans, programms, laws, and articles or bills of colombian constitution, as well as memoirs of Education Minister in the congress chamber of The Republic of Colombia,In the same line secondary sources were analysed, these were research journals and documents about education during those ages. …”

The Role of the Colombian State in the Formation of the Steel Industry in Boyacá. 1930-1980 by Barreto Bernal, Patricia Carolina, Jurado Jurado, Juan Carlos

“…We take into account the state policies and laws regarding the steel industry, the State institutions and trade unions that developed this sector, the decline of interventionism, and the emergence of the private steel companies. …”

Educational policies and the formation of future citizenship in Chile and Spain (1970-2016) by García Fernández, Gonzalo Andrés

“…Method: It is a qualitative and theoretical-conceptual work guided by the principles of documentary research (revision of educational laws) that aims to create new debates regarding the political problems that revolve around prospective citizenship education. …”

Educational Institution in Imperial Brazil: History of Education at the Seminario de Mariana, ecclesiastical formation and Church-State conflict (1844-1875) by Rodrigues Pereira, João Paulo

“…Strategies/Data collection: Some regulations, normative documents, laws and government decrees that intervened in the internal organization of that institution were used as primary sources. …”